‘President declares emergency over Chinese control of rare-earth metals’


Rare Earth oxides (USDA)

COGwriter

The USA has been looking to get around potential rare earth restrictions from China. Last year, it worked with Australia to get more rare earth mineral (see ‘US Wants to Disrupt China’s Rare Earth Dominance’ with Australia’s help).

Now, President Trump took another action:

President declares emergency over Chinese control of rare-earth metals

October 1, 2020

Most consumers probably don’t know anything about barite or gallium and their uses.

But President Trump does, which is why this week he issued an executive order declaring a national emergency over the supply lines of more than a dozen rare-earth elements for their critical functions in America’s military and industry. https://www.wnd.com/2020/10/president-declares-emergency-chinese-control-rare-earth-metals/

October 1, 2020

WASHINGTON — U.S. President Donald Trump on Wednesday signed an executive order declaring a national emergency in the mining industry, aimed at boosting domestic production of rare earth minerals critical for military technologies while reducing the country’s dependence on China.

Trump ordered his Cabinet secretaries to study the matter, with an eye toward government grants for production equipment, as well as tariffs, quotas or other import restrictions against China and other non-market foreign adversaries.

The order states that the county’s “undue reliance on critical minerals, in processed or unprocessed form, from foreign adversaries constitutes an unusual and extraordinary threat, which has its source in substantial part outside the United States, to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States.”

Rare earth elements are a group of 17 minerals critical to the defense industry’s manufacturing of missiles and munitions, hypersonic weapons, and radiation-hardened electronics — as well as consumer electronics like cellphones. The Trump administration previously identified 35 minerals as both essential and whose supplies are vulnerable to disruption.

The U.S. imports 80 percent of these elements directly from China, with portions of the remainder indirectly sourced from China through other countries, according to the order. https://www.defensenews.com/congress/2020/10/01/trump-executive-order-on-rare-earths-puts-material-risk-in-spotlight/

Here is some information on the rare earth element situation that I reported here last year:

May 30, 2019

Rare earth minerals are a common part of people’s lives — and their futures.

If you have a smartphone or computer, own a flat-screen TV, drive a hybrid car or use a myriad of other high-tech devices, you’ll no doubt come into contact with these elements — mined from the earth’s crust and supplied predominantly by China — countless times a day.

But they are also used in obscure but powerful ways that ensure some of the biggest companies in the world can keep churning out those products.

Now, rare earths have become a bargaining chip in the expanding trade war between China and the United States …

Rare earth minerals are a crucial component of products that cut across the U.S. economy …

Despite their name, rare earths aren’t all that rare. The U.S. Geological Survey describes them as a “relatively abundant group” of 17 chemical elements. What makes them unusual, however, is that they’re difficult to extract in high concentrations from the ground.

The elements’ names, which include cerium, promethium, scandium, might sound like something out of science fiction, but each one can be used for a variety of purposes — from making magnets, batteries and lights, to glass production and the cooling of nuclear rods.

The U.S. military also depends on rare earths for the construction of equipment used in satellites, lasers, jet engines, radar and sonar systems, and other sophisticated machinery. …

Are rare earths at stake in this trade war?

China’s President Xi Jinping may have tipped his hand last week when he toured a region of China that calls itself a “rare earths kingdom.” https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/u-s-china-trade-war-rare-earth-elements-think-smartphones-n1011561

I have been warning about China’s dominance of rare earth elements since 2009 (e.g. see China’s Rare Earth Power). They look to be one area that China feels its dominance can help it with the trade disputes with the USA.

The USA is now looking more towards domestic production to reduce its dependence on China for rare earth minerals.

But if China restricts the USA’s ability to import rare earth minerals and Australia becomes a major competitor to China for them, or to a significant degree fill in much of the gap, this will further inflame China against Australia.

China is already upset about the USA’s military presence in northern Australia and has made various threats in the past (for more details watch Are Chinese threats against Australia for real?).

Getting back to rare earth elements, here is some information about them:

A rare-earth element (REE) or rare-earth metal (REM), as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium. Scandium and yttrium are considered rare-earth elements because they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties, but have different electronic and magnetic properties. Rarely, a broader definition that includes actinides may be used, since the actinides share some mineralogical, chemical, and physical (especially electron shell configuration) characteristics.

The 17 rare-earth elements are cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and yttrium (Y). They are often found in minerals with thorium (Th), and less commonly uranium (U).

Despite their name, rare-earth elements are – with the exception of the radioactive promethium – relatively plentiful in Earth’s crust, with cerium being the 25th most abundant element at 68 parts per million, more abundant than copper. However, because of their geochemical properties, rare-earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found concentrated in rare-earth minerals; as a result economically exploitable ore deposits are less common. …

The uses, applications, and demand for rare-earth elements has expanded over the years. Globally, most REEs are used for catalysts and magnets. In USA, more than half of REEs are used for catalysts, and ceramics, glass and polishing are also main uses.

Other important uses of rare-earth elements are applicable to the production of high-performance magnets, alloys, glasses, and electronics. Ce and La are important as catalysts, and are used for petroleum refining and as diesel additives. Nd is important in magnet production in traditional and low-carbon technologies. Rare-earth elements in this category are used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric vehicles, generators in wind turbines, hard disc drives, portable electronics, microphones, speakers.

Ce, La and Nd are important in alloy making, and in the production of fuel cells and Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Ce, Ga and Nd are important in electronics and are used in the production of LCD and plasma screens, fiber optics, lasers, as well as in medical imaging. Additional uses for earth elements are as tracers in medical applications, fertilizers, and in water treatment.

REEs have been used in agriculture to increase plant growth, productivity, and stress resistance seemingly without negative effects for human and animal consumption. REEs are used in agriculture through REE-enriched fertilizers which is a widely used practice in China. In addition, REEs are feed additives for livestock which has resulted in increased production such as larger animals and a higher production of eggs and dairy products. However, this practice has resulted in REE bio-accumulation within livestock and has impacted vegetation and algae growth in these agricultural areas. Additionally while no ill effects have been observed at current low concentrations the effects over the long term and with accumulation over time are unknown prompting some calls for more research into their possible effects. …

Mining, refining, and recycling of rare earths have serious environmental consequences if not properly managed. (Rare-earth element. Wikipedia, accessed 08/27/19)

One of the reasons that the US became fairly dependent upon China is because of environmental concerns and regulations associated with mining and processing these elements.

Anyway, because of US military, tech industry, and other uses, the US is trying to figure out what to do should China stop selling and/or processing them. The US could be greatly harmed by being cut-off from sufficient supplies of rare-earth elements. This could be another “unintended consequence” of Donald Trump’s policies.

While India and Malaysia are also sources of rare earth metals, their production and processing levels have thus far not been high enough to gain massive US interest.

But Australia’s processing potential does have the US military’s attention. Look for the USA and Australia to do more trade.

Look for China to have more concerns about both the USA and Australia. Donald Trump’s executive order will not stop that.

Some items of possibly related interest may include:

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